James Webb-telescoop onthult verre sterrenstelsels en herschrijft kosmische tijd

James Webb-telescoop onthult verre sterrenstelsels en herschrijft kosmische tijd

James Webb-telescoop onthult verre sterrenstelsels en herschrijft kosmische tijd

Gepubliceerd op woensdag 14 augustus 2025 om 07:00 | Door Redactie Ruimte & Wetenschap

Inleiding: De James Webb-telescoop als kosmische tijdmachine

De James Webb-telescoop (JWST) is veel meer dan een opvolger van Hubble – het is een echte kosmische tijdmachine. Met zijn enorme spiegel en infraroodgevoeligheid kijkt hij dwars door stofwolken en terug tot in de oerknal. Recente ontdekkingen, waaronder sterrenstelsels en zwarte gaten van slechts enkele honderden miljoenen jaren na de Big Bang, zijn daarin baanbrekend.

Bekroonde ontdekkingen: De oudste sterrenstelsels

MoM-z14 – het verre verleden zichtbaar

In mei 2025 ontdekte de JWST het sterrenstelsel MoM-z14, met een redshift van z = 14,44. Dit stelsel ontstond slechts **280 miljoen jaar na de Big Bang**, en werd officieel het verste en oudste sterrenstelsel dat ooit is waargenomen.De aanwezigheid van zwaardere elementen zoals stikstof en koolstof duidt op snelle stervorming en verrijking in het vroege heelal.

JADES-GS-z14-0: spectroscopisch bevestigd

Een groep van astronomieën binnen het JADES-project bevestigde spectroscopisch een ander extreem verre stelsel, JADES-GS-z14-0, dat ongeveer 300 miljoen jaar na de oerknal bestaat. Dit record wordt gezien als een van de belangrijkste kosmologische vondsten van JWST tot nu toe.

Reionisatie vroeg gestart: Herzien van het origineel tijdschema

Met de ontdekking van **JADES-GS-z13-1**, slechts 330 miljoen jaar na de Big Bang, toont Webb aan dat de reïonisatie van het heelal sneller begon dan gedacht. Dit stelsel blaast letterlijk een ‘bel’ in het omringende gas, het oudst zichtbare bewijs van deze overgangsfase.

Superzware zwarte gaten in het vroege heelal

Een opmerkelijke ontdekking van verminderde omvang: in het sterrenstelsel CAPERS-LRD-z9 troffen onderzoekers een eerste superzwaar zwart gat aan, met een massa van ongeveer **300 miljoen zonsmassa’s**, terwijl het slechts 500 miljoen jaar na de oerknal bestaat. Dit werpt nieuw licht op de vorming van massieve zwarte gaten in de kosmische beginjaren.

Andere opvallende JWST-vondsten

  • **Big Wheel Galaxy**: Een enorme schijfvormige spiraal van 370 miljard zonmassa’s, slechts 2 miljard jaar na de oerknal :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}.
  • **GLASS-z12**: Een Lyman-break-stelsel met redshift z ≈ 12, ruim 13,4 miljard lichtjaar verwijderd.

Infographic: JWST’s reis naar het oeruniversum

Belangrijkste ontdekkingen van JWST in kaart: van MoM-z14 tot superzware zwarte gaten.

Wat betekenen deze ontdekkingen?

Herschrijven van kosmische geschiedenis

Deze ontdekkingen dwingen wetenschappers om het tijdschema van het vroege heelal te herzien. Ze duiden op verrassend snelle formatie van sterren, stelsels en zwarte gaten.

Nieuwe onderzoeksrichtingen

JWST ontgrendelt nieuwe onderzoeksroutes: nauwkeuriger modelleren van de reionisatie, simulaties van vroege structuurgroei en onderzoeken naar de oorsprong van superzware zwarte gaten.

Conclusie

De James Webb-telescoop is nu al een mijlpaal in de astronomie. Met zijn uiterste reikwijdte legt het licht van de eerste sterrenstelseltjes bloot, verrijkt het ons begrip van het begin van het heelal, en daagt het bestaande theorieën uit. De komende jaren beloven nog meer kosmische verrassingen.

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